toiec

TOEIC Preparation

Target: TOEIC Score

Session 1:                Language, Structure of Language,Words

Session 2:                Forms of Words

Session 3:                Phrases and Clauses

Session 4:                Sentences

Session 5:                Tenses Overview

Session 6:                Subject – Verb Agreement

Session 7:                Causative verbs, Conditionals, Comparisons

Session 8:                Nouns and Articles

Session 9:                Conjunctions and Parallelism

Session 10:              Gerunds, Infinitives, and participles

Session 11:              Passive Voice

Session 12:              Listening Overview

FURTHER READINGS

1)       English Sentence Structure Robert Krohn.  University of Michigan 1971

2) A Practical English Grammar A.J. Thomson & A.V. Martinet. Oxford Univ. Press. 1986

3) Modern English, A Practical Reference Guide Marcella Frank. Prentice –Hall Inc. 1972

4) Modern English Part II, Sentences and Complex Structures Marcella Frank.  Prentice-Hall Inc. 1984

5) English Grammar In Use Murphy Brown. Cambridge Univ. Press 1992

6) Understanding and Using English Grammar Betty S. Azar. Prentice-Hall Inc. 1989

What is LANGUAGE ?

Chomsky:   Language is a system within a system

                                (system = structure)

Remember this:“When you know the structure of a language,  you will understand the language easily.”

                What are the structures of a language?

Phoneme, morpheme, word, phrase, clause, Sentence, paragraph, essay, etc.

       Phoneme :

                -  the smallest unit of language

                -  has NO meaning

                -  only sounds

     Phoneme + phoneme = morpheme

       Morpheme :

                -  has meaning

                -  bound : preffix, suffix

                -  free : word (root)

     morpheme + morpheme = word

       VOCABULARY  PROBLEMS

v   PREFIXES

                Syllable added to the beginning of a word

                It can change meanings

v   SUFFIXES

                Syllable added to the end of a word

                It can change grammatical structure

v   WORD FAMILIES

Word creation  by adding endings to a word It can change the word into noun,verb,adjective,or adverb

v   SIMILAR WORDS

It can be similar in meanings, spellings, or sounds. It cannot be interchanged

Prefixes	Meaning	Words	Meanings
anti-	against	antitoxin	against toxin
bi-	two, twice	bilingual	two language
en-	cause to be	encourage	cause to have courage/ give courage
mal-	wrong	malfunction	wrong function/failure
pre-	before	prevent	come before/keep from happening
sub-	under	subway	under way/underground railway
Etc.

Negative Prefixes	Words	Meaning
dis-	disloyal	not loyal
in-	incapable	not capable
im-	impatient	not patient
ir-	irregular	not regular
mis-	misplace	not placed correctly
non-	nonresident	not a resident
un-	unable	not able

Suffixes	Forms	Examples
-able	adjective	Understandable, lovable
-al	adjective	National, burial
-ance	noun	Attendance,
-en	verb	Darken, strengthen
-ly	adverb	Quickly, clearly
-ion	noun	Decision, action
-ish	adjective	Childish,  girlish

Word :     -  has meaning

                -  has components : preffix, root, suffix

                -  classified as : noun, verb, adjective, adverb

Examples of NOUN :

mother                    father                      theorist              attention                      competitor              moviegoer              teenager                                situation                  endeavor             behavior                      producer                  difficulty          inferiority       identity                   capacity                  abilitt                      achievement          development  eminence        intelligence

Quiz :

“Can you count how many morphemes there are in each word?”

                  Hints :

Morphemes (preffix  or suffix) to form nouns are :

--y, --tion, --er/--or, --ity, --ment, --ance/--ence, --ist, --ess, etc.

Examples of VERB

Optimize                 analyze                   summarize    Hypothesize     enlarge                    enrich                     entrust                     ensure                     redden                   blacken                     widen                      lengthen                modify                      glorify                     identify                beautify                  delimit                    demoralize              deconstruct            etc.

Note:

Preffix / suffix to form a verb are such as : --ize, en--, --en, --fy, de--, etc.

Quiz:  Count the number of morphemes of the words above!

Other forms of verb:

                V.o :She will go...,  The tool is to open...               (verb)

                V.1 :She goes..., He works..., (verb)

                V.2 :She went..., John took... (verb)

                V.3 :She has gone... (verb), The child is                                                 pampered. (adjective)

                V.ing :She is going...(verb), Watching football                    is...(noun)

                    Examples of ADJECTIVE    

heuristic                  abusive                   comfortable    rebellious        conservative           pampered            flexible                       fearful                     helpful           established       admired                  grateful                careless                      heartless                 disappointed    impatient                natural                    misunderstandable

                  Examples of ADVERB

slowly                     calmly                    quickly                 rapidly

Quiz:

1.        Count the morphemes of the adjectives and adverbs above!

2.         Find other adjectives and adverbs in the passages of your book!

                  Hints:

Suffix to form adjective:  -able,  -ed,  -ic,  -ful,  -ical,  ive,  less,  -ous,  etc.

Suffix to form adverb :  -ly

Phrase :   --  has meaning

                --  has roles as noun (noun phrase) and as verb (verb phrase)

                --  has components : head and Modifier

       NOUN Phrase :

1.   Noun + Noun (head)

                              ex:birth order          anxiety care            family man       children problem           nerve  system                       identity formation   

2.   Adjective + Noun (head)

                ex:early influence                   flexible character  sensitive   response                                 strong reaction      special personality                   etc.

3.   V.ing + Noun (head)

                ex:abusing parents                 growing moments    living quarters

4.   V.3 + Noun (head)

                ex:pampered child                  developed process                  hidden character

Continued.

5.    Noun (head) + preposition + Noun

      Ex: risk of sickness                  children with autism children from preschool       needs for dependency

6.   Noun (head) + V.o + Noun

Ex: attempts to explain motives                            ability to fing balance                                         teraphy to treat patients with insomnia

7.   Noun (head) + V.3 + Noun

              Ex:types categorized by action                                     skill resulted by special methods                          test known as intelligence quotient

8.   Noun (head) + V.ing + Noun

                Ex: programs resulting in creative skills                             tendency having a negative persistence

                   VERB Phrase

The forms of verb in English:

§   Infinitive (V.o) :

                (to) go, (to) have, (to) be, (to) study, (to) understand, etc.

§   Present (V.1) / (V.1 + s/es) :

                goes, has, studies, understands, cries, treats, etc.

§   Past (V.2) :

                went, had, studied, understood, did, treated, etc.

§   Past Participle (V.3) :

                gone, had, been, understood, studied, done, etc.

§   Present Participle (V.ing) :

                going,having,understanding,studying,treating,etc.

                    Usually, the Infinitive form (V.o) is preceded by the words of:

Noun       : ability, attempt, change, desire, need, opportunity, readiness, willingness, way, etc.

Verb        : afford, agree, appear, ask, attempt, choose, arrange, decide, demand, forget, etc.        

                    Whereas, the Present Participle (V.ing) is preceded by the words :

Admit, appreciate, celebrate,avoid, consider, deny, delay, dislike, enjoy, explain finish, go, imagine, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, recall, report, resist, risk, stop, suggest.

Basic construction of Verb Phrase

1)       Modals (can, may, must, shall, will)  + V.o

It has meaning as: dapat, kemungkinan, keharusan, nasehat, spekulasi, waktu yang  akan datang, etc.

                Example:

                They will notice the children’s attitude.

2)                   To have (have, has, had) +V.3

                It has meaning as : sudah / belum

                Example:

                She has treated the pasient with the therapy.

3).            To be (is, am, are, was, were) + V.ing

                It has meaning as: sedang (berlangsung)

                Example:

                The psychologist is watching the changing.....

4).            To be (is, am,are,was, were) + V.3

                It has meaning as : di--- / ter---- (passive)

                Example:

                Rudi was interviewed in the test.\

CLAUSE

~  a group of words forming part of a sentence but has a Subject and a Predicate.

~  can occupy the position as a Noun, Adjective, or Adverb 

                    Noun Position:

Do you notice the beauty?  (noun)

Do you notice the beauty of the scenery? (noun phrase)

Do you notice that it is a beautiful scenery? (noun clause)

                    Adverb Position:

He speaks English well. (adverb)

He speaks English pretty well. (adjective phrase)

He speaks English so well that I can understand his speech.  (adjective clause)

                    Adjective Position:

It is a beautiful thing. (adjective)

It is a thing of a great beauty. (adjective phrase)

It is a thing that is full of beauty. (adjectivclause)

NOUN CLAUSE

~ a clause as a noun in a sentence ( Subject or Object)

        SUBJECT

                It was interesting. (noun/pronoun)

                His story was interesting. (noun phrase)

                What he said  was interesting. (noun clause)    

        OBJECT

                I heard that. (noun/pronoun)

                I heard their story. (non phrase)

                I heard what they said yesterday. (noun clause)

Words to begin a noun clause are:

~ question words ( when, what, where, why, who, which, etc.)

~ whether / if

~ that

        Mind this !!

The clauses from questions (both “yes-no” and “wh-question”) change the sentence arrangement into  “Subject + Predicate”

Examples with Question Words:

What did she say?                  What she said surprised me.

Who is  the girl?                     Please tell me who the girl is.

Where does Amir live?           The teacher asks me where Amir lives.

What can I do for you?           He asked what he could do for me.

Which one is Ben’s house?    We don’t know which one is Ben’s house.

Examples with “whether/if”:

Will she attend the party?                   She doesn’t tell whether she will attend the party.

Did you have a good time?                   He asked me if I had a good time.

Are you hungry?                                      They are not sure if I am hungry.

Does Mary teach English?                      John is curious whether Mary teaches English.

Examples with “that”

My father is a good  doctor.                   He thinks that his father is a good doctor.

The world is round.                                 That the world is round is a fact.

                                                                It is a fact that the worls is round.

Romeo loves Julie.                                  Everybody knows that Romeo loves Julie.                            

Exercises      :  

Change the questions and statements below into noun clause of your own sentences!

1.        Where is the library?

2.        Did he borrow your dictionary?

3.        Is Drew having a big problem now?

4.        Who is doing the temporary job?

5.        How far is Tenggarong from Balikpapan?

6.        Should we wait for the boys?

7.        Are there any hotels in the town?

8.        Jack was late to class.

9.        It is about 60km away from Yogya to Solo.

10.     Mary lives with her grandmother in that small house.

11.     Drugs can damage one’s health.

12.     Irene failed her final exam.

13.     Everybody must speak English in the class.

14.     When will the show be started?

15.     Whose shoes are left on the stairs last niight?

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

        ~ a clause to modify a noun (describes, identifies, or gives further information about the noun.)  It is also called : “Relative Clause”.

      Words to begin adjective clause are :

                that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when

1.        The book is mine.   It is on the table

                The book which is on the table is mine.

                The book that is on the table is mine.

2.        I thanked the woman.She helped me.

                I thanked the woman who helped me.

                I thanked the woman that helped me.

3.        The movie was good.We saw it last night.

                The movie which we saw last night was good.

                The movie that we saw last night was good.

4.        The man was Mr. Jones.I met him in the meeting.

                The man whom I met in the meeting was Mr.Jones.

                The man that I met in the meeting wasMr.Jones.

EXERCISES

Combine the  sentence-pairs below!

1.        The girl is happy.   

She won the competition.

2.        We are studying sentences.

They contain adjective clauses.

3.        The man called the police.

His wallet has lost.

4.        Boyolali is a small town.

Joko grew up there.

5.        I’ll never forget the day.

I met you for the fisrt time then.

6.        January is the first month.

I was born then

7.        The building is very hot.

They have to stay there for two months.

8.        People in  Solo are nice.

Visitors like them very much.

9.        I know the woman.

Her daughter has just killed in the robbery.

10.     The picture was beautiful.

Enny  painted it in her teenage.

ADVERB CLAUSE

~ functions as an adverb of a sentence: modifying the predicate or the sentence.

~ can be placed in the front, middle, or at the end of the sentence.

Words to begin adverb clause are devided into:

Time:       Cause/Effect:          Oppositio                Condition:

After        because                   eventhough             if              Before     since                        although                  unless      When      now that                 though                     only_if        While   as                            whereas                  even_if           As     inasmuch as            while

Since       so....that

Until        in order that

As soon as

Once

Whenever

EXAMPLES

When we were in New York, we saw many plays.

We saw many plays when we were in new York.

Because Adam was sleepy, he went to bed soon.

Adam went to bed soon because he was sleepy.

If it rains now, I will take umbrella.

I will take umbrella if it rains now.

Some people are fat, whereas others are thin.

Whereas some people are fat, others are thin.

As long as they’re not busy, they can help me with this work.

They can help me with this work as long as they’re not busy.

SENTENCE

>> is a construction consisting of at least a subject and a predicate.

Elements of a sentence:

§    Subject : Noun, Pronoun, Infinitive, Gerund,  Noun Phrase, Noun Clause

§    Predicate : Verb, To be, Auxiliary, Modal, Verb Phrase.

§    Complement :  Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Pronoun, Prepositional Phrase

§    Object :  Noun, Pronoun, Infinitive, Gerund, Phrase, Caluse

Basic sentence arrangements:

Ø    Subject + Predicate

                Babies cry.

                The clients have waited.

Ø    Subject + Predicate + Complement

                She talks very slowly.

                The  patients with cancer are treated in a special room.

Ø    Subject + Predicate + Object

                Mary likes poems.

                The white skinned girl didn’t understand the clear instructions

Ø  Subject + Predicate + Indirect Object + Direct Object

                Adam gives me red roses.

                The lecturer introduces the students new  theory.

                She bought her children many electrical toys.

               

Ø   Subject + Predicate + Direct Object + Preposition + Indirect Object

                My friends tag some photos  to me.

                The faculty provides new computer for each lecturer.

                Mr.Jones shares his brilliant ideas to his followers.

Ø   Subject + Predicate + Object + Complement

                People votes Obama the next president.

                They didn’t consider her their step-sister.

                The sweet Italian ice cream makes me fat.

TYPES  of  SENTENCE

1)     Simple Sentence

                contains one full subject and predicate. Such as:

                -  statement : He lives in New York.

                -  question : How old are you?

                -  request : Please close the door.

                -  exclamation : What a terrible temper he has!

2)    Compound Sentence

                contains two or more sentences joined into one by :

                -  punctuation :

                The weather was bad; all classes were canceled.

                -  punctuation and conjunctive adverb :

                The weather was bad; therefore all classes were canceled.

                -  and, or, so, but, yet, for:

                The weather was bad, so all classes were canceled.

3)             Complex Sentence

                contains one or more dependent clause, such as:

                -  adverb clause :

              All classes were canceled because the weather was bad.

                -  adjective clause:

                Children who are under 12 years must be accompanied by parents.

                -  noun clause :

                I can’t understand why you did such a thing.

4)    Compound Complex Sentence

                contains two or more independent clause and one or more dependent clause. 

                All classes were canceled because the weather was bad, and students were told to stand by with their email to find out when classes would begin again.

GRAMMAR PROBLEMS IN TOEIC

1)         Count and Non-count Nouns

2)         Articles

3)         Subject-verb Agreement

4)         Prepositions

5)         Coordinating Conjunctions

6)         Subordinating Conjuntions

7)         Comparisons with Adjectives and Adverbs

8)         Causative Verbs

9)         Conditional Sentences

10)      Verb Tenses

11)      Relative Clauses

12)      Gerunds and Infinitives

13)      Participles

14)      Passive Voice